Alphabetical Listing for L

• Lagoeiro L, Graca LM, Jagela G, Persiano AIC, Pinheiro MVB, Krambrock K (2004) Crystal chemistry of aquamarines: a case study in pegamitites hosted in migmatites from the NE of Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Applies Mineralogy, Pecchio et al (eds) ICAM-BR Sao Paulo, Brazil.

• Lakshman SVJ, Reddy BJ (1970) Optical absorption spectrum of iron in beryl. Spectrochim Acta 26A, 2230-2234
• Lakshman SVJ, Reddy BJ (1973) Accurate method for the measurement of wavelengths of ligand field bands. Proceedings of the Nuclear Physics and Solid State Physics Symposium (1973), 16C, 117.
• Lakshman SVJ, Reddy BJ  (1973) Optical absorption spectrum of nickel(2+) in garnierite. Proceedings - Indian Academy of Sciences, Section A, 77, 269-278.
• Lakshman SVJ, Reddy BJ (1973) Optical absorption spectrum of Cu2+ in chalcanthite and malachite. Canadian Mineral 12:207-210
• Lakshman SVJ, Reddy BJ (1973) Optical absorption spectrum of Mn2+ in rhodonite. Physica (Amsterdam) 66, 601-610.
• Lakshman SVJ, Reddy BJ (1974) Optical absorption spectrum of chromium(3+) ion in uvarovite garnet.  Physica (Amsterdam) 71, 197-203.
• Lakshman SVJ, Reddy BJ, Janardhanam K, Murthy VLR, Devi PR (1978) Electronic absorption in silicate mineral of copper. Czechoslovak Journal of Physics  B28, 1122-4. 
  

• Lakshmi RS, Padma SK, Udayabhaska RG, Endo T, Frost RL (2014) Spectroscopic characterization of manganese minerals. Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy 117, 270-5. 
  

• Langer K (1976) Synthetic 3d-transition metal bearing kyanites (Al2Ÿ-xMx)SiO5. In: Strens RGJ (ed) The physics and chemistry of minerals and rocks. Wiley, New York, pp 389-402.
• Langer K, Abu-Eid RM, Anastasiov P (1976) Absorptionsspektren synthetischer Piemontite in den Bereichen 43000-11000 cm-1 (2.5-40 m.). Zeitschrift für Kristallographie 144, 434-436
• Langer K, Abu-Eid RM (1977) Measurement of the polarized absorption spectra of synthetic transition metal-​bearing silicate microcrystals in the spectral range 44,​000-​4,​000 cm-​1. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 1, 273-299.
• Langer K, Frentrup KR (1979) Automated microscope-absorption-spectrophotometry of rock forming minerals in the range 4000 - 5000 cm-1 (250 - 2000 nm). J Microscopy 116:311-320
• Langer K, Smith G, Hålenius U (1982) Reassignment of the absorption spectrum of purple yoderite. Phys Chem Minerals 8:143-145
• Langer K, Lattard D (1984) Mn3+ in garnets II. Optical absorption spectra of blythite-bearing, synthetic calderites, Mn32+(Fe3+,Mn3+)2[SiO4]3. N Jb Mineral Abh 149:129-141
• Langer K, Hålenius E, Fransolet AM (1984) Blue andalusite from Ottré, Venn-Stavelot Massif, Belgium: A new example of intervalence charge-transfer in the aluminum silicate polymorphs. Bull Minéral 107:587-596
• Langer K (1988) UV to NIR spectra of silicate minerals obtained by microscope spectrometry and their use in mineral thermodynamics and kinetics. In: Salje EKH(ed.) Physical Properties and Thermodynamic Behaviour of Minerals, 639-685. D. Reidel Pub. Co.
• Langer K (1990) High pressure spectroscopy. In: Monttana A, Burragato F (eds.) Absorption Spectroscopy in Mineralogy, p 228-284. Elsevier.
• Langer K, Platonov ANV, Matsuk SS, Andrut M (1994): Electronic absorption spectra of chromiumbearingsapphirine. Physics Chern. Minerals, 21, 29-35.
• Langer K, Taran MN, Platonov AN (1997) Compression modui of Cr3+-centered octahedra in a variety of oxygen-based rock-forming minerals. Phys Chem Minerals 24:109-114
• Langer K, Robarick E, Sobolev NV, Shatsky VS, Wang W (1993) Single-crystal spectra of garnets from diamondiferous high-pressure metamorphic rocks from Kazakhstan: indications for OH-, H2O, and FeTi charge transfer. Eur J Mineral 5:1091-1100
• Langer K, Platonov AN, Matsuk SS, Andrut M (1994) Electronic spectra of chromium-bearing sapphirine. Phys Chem Minerals 21:29-35
• Langer K, Taran MN, Platonov AN (1997) Compression of modulii of Cr3+-centered octahedra in a variety of oxygen-based rock-rofming minerals. Phys Chem Mineral 24:109-114
• Langer K, Khomenko VM (1999) The influence of crystal field stabilization energy on Fe²⁺ partitioning in paragenetic minerals. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 137, 220-231.
• Langer K (2001) Local polyhedral L–M distances in oxygen-based crystal structures from electronic absorption spectroscopy. Bull. Liaison S.F.M C. 13 (2001b) 86.
• Langer K, Platonov AN, Matsuk SS, Wilder M (2002) The crystal chemistry of the humite minerals: Fe2+-Ti4+ charge transfer and structural allocation of Ti4+ in chondrodite and clinohumite. Eur J Mineral 14:1027-1032
• Langer K, Tillmanns E, Kersten M, Almen H, Arni RK (2002) The crystal chemistry of Mn3+ in the clino- and orthozoisite structure types, Ca2M33+[OH|O|SiO4|Si2O7]: A structural and spectroscopic study of some natural piemontites and “thulites” and their synthetic equivalents. Z Kristallogr 217:563-580
• Langer K, Platonov AN, Matsyuk SS (2004) Local mean chromium-oxygen distances in Cr3+-centered octahedra of natural grossular-uvarovite garnet solid solutions from electronic absorption spectra. Phys Chem Minerals 31:650-657
• Langer K, Taran MN, Fransolet AM (2006) Electronic absorption spectra of phosphate minerals with olivine-type structures: I. Members of the triphylite-lithiophilite series, M1[6]LiM2[6](Fex2+Mn1-x2+)[PO4]. European Journal of Mineralogy 18, 337-344.
• Langer K. Taran MN, Gransolet AM (2007) Electronic absorption spectra of phosphate minerals with olivine-type Structures: II. The oxidized minerals ferrisicklerite, M1[6](□1− x Li x )M2[6](Fe3+1− x Mn2+ x )[PO4], and heterosite,M1[6](□1.00)M2[6](Fe3+1−xMn3+x)[PO4], with x ≤ 0.5. European Journal of Mineralogy 19, 589-592.

• Laurs BM, Knox K (2001) Spessartine Garnet from Ramona, San Diego County, California. Gems & Gemology 37, 278-295.
  
• Laurs BM, Zwaan JC, Breeding CM, Simmons WB, Beaton D, Rijsdijk KF, Befi R, Falster AU (2008) Copper-bearing (Paraíba-type) tourmaline from Mozambique. Gems & Gemology 44, 294-320.
  
• Laurs BM, Rossman GR (2019) Dark blue beryl from Pakistan. The Journal of Gemmology 36, 583-584.
  
• Laurs BM, Williams C, Williams B, White J, Rossman GR (2020) Yellowish green enstatite (and star enstatite) from Tanzania. The Journal of Gemmology 36, 691-693.
  
• Leelawatanasuk T, Atichat W, Sun TT, Sriprasert B, Jakkawanvibul J (2014) Some characteristics of taaffeite from Myanmar. The Journal of Gemmology 34, 144-148.
• Lehmann G (1969) Zur Farbe von Rosenquarz. N Jb Mineral Mon 1969:222-225
• Lehmann G, Harder H (1970) Optical spectra of di- and trivalent iron in corundum. Amer Mineral 55:98-105
• Lehmann G (1971) On the optical spectra of di- and trivalent iron in corundum: A reply. Amer Mineral 56:349-350
• Lehmann G, Bambauer HU (1973) Quartz crystals and their colors. Angewandte Chem Int'l 12:283-291
• Lehmann G (1978) Farben von Mineralen und ihre Ursachen. Fortschr Mineral 56:172-252
• Leal AS, Krambrock K, Ribeiro LGM, Menezes MABC, Vermaercke P, Sneyers L (2007) Study of neutron irradiation-induced colors in Brasilian topaz. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 580, 423-426.
  
• Lebedev AS, Ilyin AG, Klyakhin VA (1982) Hydrothermally grown beryls of gem quality. Morphology and Phase Equlibria of Minerals. International Mineralogical Association meeting, 2, 403-405 (in Russian).
  
• Lebedev AS, Ilyin AG, Klyakhin VA (1983) Variétés de béryl "gemme" hydrothermal. Revue de Gemmologie a.f.g 76, 4-5.
  
• Leckebusch R, Recker K (1973) Die Absorptionsspektren von Triphylin und Lithiophilit. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Monatshefte 1973, 70-75.
  
• Leckebusch R, Recker K (1974) On the color of spodumene from Afghanistan. Fortschritte der Mineralogie, Beiheft 51, 83. In German
  
• Leckebusch R, Recker K, Al-Mansur M (1974) Uber die Farben der Fluorite von Seilles (Andenne, Belgien). N Jb Mineral Mon 1974, 143-149.
  
• Leckebusch R, Recker K, Triche C (1974) Relation between color and luminescence of Afghanistan spodumenes and their chromium, manganese, and iron content. Comptes Rendus des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences, Serie D: Sciences Naturelles 278, 1541-1544. In French

• Lehmann G, Moore WH (1966) Color center in amethyst quartz. Science 152, 1061-1062.
  
• Lehmann G (1969) Zur Farbe von Rosenquarz. N Jb Mineral Mon 1969:222-225.
  
• Lehmann G, Harder H (1970) Optical spectra of di- and trivalent iron in corundum. American Mineralogist 55, 98-105.
• Lehmann G (1971) On the optical spectra of di- and trivalent iron in corundum: A reply. American Mineralogisl 56, 349-350.
  
• Lehmann G, Bambauer HU (1973) Quarzkristalle und ihre Farben. Angewandte Chemie 85, 281–289.
  
• Lehmann G, Bambauer HU (1973) Quartz Crystals and Their Colors. Angewandte Chemie international Edition 12, 283-291.
• Lehmann G (1975) On the Color Centers of Iron in Amethyst and Synthetic Quartz: A Discussion. American Mineralogist 60, 335-337.
• Lehmann G (1977) Über die Färbeursachen natürlicher Citrine. Z. Deutsche Gemmologische Gesellschaft 26:53–60
  
• Lehmann G (1978) Solid-State Photochemistry -- A Method of Generating Unusual Valence States. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, English 17, 89-97.

• Lemmlein GG, Melankholin NM (1951) On colour of two coloured crystals of topaz. Trudy Instituta Kristallografii AN SSSR 6, 245 – 254 (in Russian).
  
• Lenaz D, Skogby H, Princivalle F, Hålenius U (2004) Structural changes and valence distribution in the MgCr2O4-FeCr2O4 solid solution series. Phys Chem Minerals 31:633-642.
• Lenaz D, Skogby H, Princivalle F, Hålenius U (2006) The MgCr2O4-FeCr2O4 solid solution series: Effects of octahedral Fe3+ on T-O bond lengths. Phys Chem Minerals 33:465-474
• Levenson M, Sawatzky E (1969) Optical absorption in gadolinium iron garnet. Journal of Applied Physics.40, 2672-2673.
  
• Levin DM, Greasimov VP Guseinov FK (2001) Distinctive features of the absorption spectra of titanium and iron ions in α-Al2O3. Journal of Applied Spectroscopy, Vol. 68, 492-496.
  
• Levy M, M'Hamdi O (1970) Description provisoire on Sommaire des especes Minerales du Maroc - 17 Pyromorphite. Notes du Service géologique, Protectorat de la Répubilique Frncaise au Maroc, Direction de la production industrielle et des mines, Division des mines et de la géologie, Servic. 30, 195-199
• Li D, Peng M (1990) Absorption spectra and coloration of sphalerite. Kuangwu Xuebao 10, 29-34. (In Chinese)
  
• Li M (2022) Spectroscopic Characteristics and Color Origin of Red Tourmaline from Brazil. Journal of Spectroscopy 2022, 1769710. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1769710
  
• Li M (2022) Spectroscopic Study on the Species and Color Differences of Gem-Quality Red Garnets from Malawi. Journal of Spectroscopy 2022, 1638042. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1638042
  
• Li R, Li Z, Pan Y (2012) Single-crystal EPR and DFT study of a VIAl–O2–VIAl center in jeremejevite: electronic structure and 27Al hyperfine constants. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 39, 4491-501.
• Li X, Yuan K (1999) Mechanism of color variation of iron-containing beryl. Kuangwu Yanshi 19, 1-4. (in Chinese)
• Li XA, Liu TG, Zhao YL (1985) A study of color-causing mechanisms of fluorite from Bayan Obo Inner Monggol. Acta Mineralogica Sinica 5, 164-168 (in Chinese)
  
• Li YH, Chen HF, Lin SH (2020) A new deposit of pink natrolite from Indonesia. Gems & Gemology 56, 309-311.
  
• Liang B, Chen M (2022). Inclusion and Spectral Characteristics of Sapphire from Ilakaka, Madagascar. Journal of Gems & Gemmology 24, 28-38. doi: 10.15964/j.cnki.027jgg.2022.01.004
  
• Liebach R, Dobbie J, Hutton DR, Throup GJ (1988) ESR and optical spectra of Mn2+ sapphire. Journal of Gemmology 21, 227-231.
  
• Liebscher A (2004) Spectroscopy of Epidote Minerals. Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry 56, 125-170.
  
• Lietz, J. & Klug, H.G. (1956): Färbung und Thermolumineszenz radioaktiv bestrahlter Topase. Neues Jahrb. Mineral., Abh., 89, 27– 40.
  
• Lin C (1981) Optical absorption spectra of Fe2+ and Fe3+ in garnets. Bull Minéral 104, 218-222
• Liu C, Zhu H (1985) Optical absorption spectrum of helvite. Acta Mineral Sinica 5:115-120 (in Chinese)
• Lin C, Zhu H, Liu G (1985) Optical absorption and EPR spectra of barium copper silicate (BaCuSi4O10). Kuangwu Xuebao 5, 301-6. In Chinese.
  
• Lin C, Zhang H, Yang Z (1983) Ligand-​field theory study on the optical absorption spectrum and magnetic properties of copper(2+) in turquoise. Fenzi Kexue Yu Huaxue Yanjiu 3, 77-83. (In Chinese)
• Lin C, Zhu H, Wang Z, Xie H, Zhang Y, Xu H (1988) Optical absorption spectra and colors of jadeites and diopsides. Kuangwu Xuebao 8, 193-199.In: Chinese
• Lin J, Chen N, Huang D, Pan Y (2013) Iron pairs in beryl: New insights from electron paramagnetic resonance, synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and ab initio calculations. American Mineralogist 98, 1745–1753.
• Lind T, Schmetzer K, Bank H (1986) Blue and green beryuls (aquamarines and emeralds) of gem quality from Nigeria. Journal of Gemmology 20, 40-48.
• Lind T, Bank H, Henn U (1993) Spessartine aus Namibia. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie Monatshefte 1993, 12,  569–576.
• Lind T, Henn U, Bank H (1994) Leuchtend orangefarbige Spessartine aus einem neuen Vorkommen in Namibia. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gemmologischen Gesellschaft43, 39–47.
• Lind T, Bank H (1997) Effect of ligand metal charge transfer and intravalence charge transfer bands on the colour of grossular garnet. N Jb Mineral Mh 1997, 1-14
• Litvin MA, Taran MN, Platonov AN (1984) Optical absorption spectra and colour of natural chromium-bearing amphiboles. Geological Jourrnal 6:93-99 (in Russian)
• Litvin MA, Platonov AN (1984) Use of optical absorption spectra for refinement of iron ion distribution patterns in holmquistites. Mineralogicheskii Sbornik (Lvov) 38:27-32 (in Russian)
• Litvin MA, Platonov AN, Shcherbakov IB (1985) Colorimetric parameters of hornblendes as indicators of facies affiliations of metamorphic rock in the Rosin-Tikichian region of Ukrainian Shield. Geologicheskii Zhurnal 45:66-73 (in Russian)
• Litvin MA, Platonov AN, Khomenko VM (1986) Effect of titanium isomorphic impurity on the color and pleochroism of hornblende. Mineralogicheskii Sbornik (Lvov) 40:30-6 (in Russian)
• Litvin MA (1989) Use of colorimetric characteristics of hornblendes for establishing the pressure-temperature conditions of metamorphism. Geologicheskii Zhurnal 1989:125-9 (in Russian)
• Litvin MA, Platonov AN, Khomenko VM (1992) Optical Spectra and Color of rock-forming amphiboles. 182 pp. Publisher: Naukova Dumka, Kiev, Ukraine (in Russian)
• Liu H, Chen P, Ku Y (2013) Spectroscopy and coloration mechanism of jadeite jade. Guangdong Huagong 40, 247-248. In Chinese.
• Liu J, Hu B, Zhang D, Yao X, Mao Z (1992) Absorption spectra, ESR and impurity location for Shandong sapphire. Wuji Cailiao Xuebao 7:366-9 (in Chinese)
• Liu J, Deng P, Gan F (1995) Concentration dependent spectral distortion of Ti : Al2O3 crystals. Chinese Journal of Lasers A22, 369-372. In Chinese
• Liu L, Yang M, Li Y (2020) Unique raindrop pattern of turquoise from Hubei, China. Gems & Gemology 56, 380-400.
  
• Liu X, Feng X, Fan J, Guo S (2011). Optical absorption spectra of tourmaline crystals from Altay, China. China Optics Letters 9, 083001.
• Liu Y, Shigley J, Fritsch E, Hemphill S (1994) The “alexandrite effect” in gemstones. Color Research Applications 19, 186–191.
• Liu Y, Shigley JE, Fritsch E, Hemphill S (1995) Relationship between the crystallographic orientation and the ‘alexandrite effect’ in synthetic alexandrite. Mineral Mag 59:111-114
• Liu Y, Fry BA (2006) A colorimetric study of a tourmaline from Mozambique which shows a reverse alexandrite effect. Journal of Gemmology 30, 201-206.
• Liu Y, Lu R (2022) Sapphire Beneath the Rich Black Soil of Muling, Northeastern China. Gems & Gemology 58, 290-317.
• Liu Y, Qi L, Schwarz D, Zhou Z (2022) Color mechanism and Spectroscopic Thermal Variation of Pink Spinel Reportedly from Kuh-I-Lai, Tajikistan. Gems & Gemology 58, 338-353.
• Liu Y, Guo Q, Liu L, Zhang S, Li Q, Liao L (2023) Comparative Study on Gemological and Mineralogical Characteristics and Coloration Mechanism of Four Color Types of Fluorite. Crystals 13, 75.
• Llusar M, García E, García MT, Gargori C, Badenes JA, Monrós G (2015) Synthesis, stability and coloring properties of yellow–orange pigments based on Ni-doped karrooite (Ni,Mg)Ti2O5. Journal of the European Ceramic Society 35, 357–376.
  
• Litsarev MA, Platonov AN, Taran MN, Polshin EV (1980) A violet spinel from South-Western Pamir. In: Gems and Coloured Stones. Moscow, Nauka, 211-220 (in Russian)
• Lobanov SS, Goncharov AF, Litasov KD (2015) Optical properties of siderite (FeCO3) across the spin transition: crossover to iron-rich carbonates in the lower mantle. American Mineralogist 100, 1059–1064.
• Locock A, Luth RW, Cavell LRG, Smith DGW, Duke MJM (1995) Spectroscopy of the cation distrubution in the schorlomite species of garnet. American Mineralogist 80, 27-28.
• Locock A, Luth RW, Cave, Langer, K (2001) Local polyhedral L–M distances in oxygen-based crystal structures from electronic absorption spectroscopy. Bull. Liaison S.F.M.C. 13, 86.
• Loeffler BM, Burns RG, Tossell JA (1975) Metal-metal charge transfer transitions: interpretation of visible-region spectra of the moon and lunar materials. Proc. Lunar Sci. Conf. 6th, 2663-2672
• Loeffler BM, Burns RG (1976) Shedding light on the color of gems and minerals. Amer Scientist 64:636-647
• Loh E (1968) 4fn-1 5d spectra of rare-earth ions in crystals. Physics Review 175, 533-536.
• Lokhova GG, Ripinen OI, Bukin GV, Veis NS (1981) Analysis of the effect of the quality of beryl specimens being studied on color characteristics. Trudy Instituta Geologii i Geofiziki (Novosibirsk) 499, 89-92. in Russian.
• Lorenzi G, Baldi G, Di Benedetto F, Faso V, Lattanzi P, Romanelli M (2006) Spectroscopic study of a Ni-bearing gahnite pigment. Journal of the European Ceramic Society 26. 317–321.
• Low W, Weger M (1960) Paramagnetic Resonance and Optical Spectra of Divalent Iron in Cubic Fields. II. Experimental Results. Physical Review 118, 1130-1136.
• Lu R (2012) Color origin of lavender jadeite: an alternative approach. Gems & Gemmology 48, 273-283.
  
• Lu R (2013) Yellow synthetic sapphire colored by trapped-hole mechanism. Gems & Gemology 49, Lab Notes.
• Lu T, Odaki T, Yasunaga K, Uesugi H (2008) A fancy reddish brown diamond with new optical absorption features. Journal of Gemmology 31, 73-76.
• Lu Y, Pei JC, Gao YT, Chen BY (2022) Chemical Constituents and Spectra Characterization of Gem-Grade Triplite. Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis 42, 1204-1208 (in Chinese). Doi:10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2022)04-1204-05
• Lu Z, Yu X, He X, Wang S, Lin Y (2016) 青海紅色碧玉 (Jasper) 寶石 礦物學特徵及顏色成因分析 [Gemmological Features & Colouration of Red Jasper from Qinghai Province, China].The Journal of the Gemmological Association of Hong Kong 37, 67-71 In Chinese
• Luan L.J., Han Z.X., Wang C.Y., Zhang Y.W. (2004) Elementary research on color-forming mechanism of turquoise. Northwestern Geology 37, 77–82 [(In Chinese)].
• Lupashko TM, Tarashchan AN, Ilchenko KO. Grechanovskaya ОЄ, Semenenko MP (2023) Crystal Chemical Features of Green and Light-blue Amazonite and Geochemical aspects of their formation process. Mineralogical Journall Ukraine 45. 21-40 (in Ukranian)
• Lupei A, Lupei V, Oslac E, Petraru A (1999) Effects of octahedral impurities on RE3+ spectra in garnets. Proceedings - Electrochemical Society (1999), 98-24 (Physics and Chemistry of Luminescent Materials), 76-81.