Optical Spectra of Quartz and Silicas
Reviews
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Amethyst
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Vedeneeva NE (1940) The nature of the coloring of amethyst. Trav. lab. crist. acad. sci. U.R.S.S. , No. 2, 107-110.
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- Cohen AJ, Hassan F (1970) Iron in synthetic quartz: Heat and radiation induced changes. Science 167, 176-177.
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- Lehmann G, Bambauer HU (1973) Quartz crystals and their coloirs. Angewandte Chemie 85, 281-289.
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AJ, Hassan F (1974) Ferrous and ferric ions in synthetic alpha-quartz
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- Cohen AJ (1975) On the Color Centers of Iron in Amethyst and Synthetic Quartz: A Reply. American Mineralogist 60, 338-339.
- Cox RT (1977) Optical absorption of the d4 ion Fe4+ in pleochroic amethyst quartz. J Physics, C: Solid State Phys 10, 4631-4643.
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- Cohen
AJ (1985) Amethyst color in quartz, the result of radiation protection
involving iron. American Mineralogist 70, 1180-1185.
- Adekeye JID, Cohen AJ (1986) Correlation of Fe4+
optical anisotropy, Brazil twinning and channels in the basal plane of
amethyst quartz. Appied Geochemistry 1, 153-160.
- Balitsky
VS, Balitskay OV (1986) The amethyst-citrine dichromatism in quartz and
its origin. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 13, 415-421
- Aines RD, Rossman GR (1986) Relationships between radiation damage and
trace water in zircon, quartz, and topaz. American Mineralogist 71, 1186-1193.
- Adekeye
JID, Cohen AJ (1986) Correlation of Fe4+ optical anisotropy, Brazil
twinning and channels in the basal plane of amethyst quartz. Applied
Geochem 1, 153-160.
- Dedushenko
SK, Makhina IB, Marin AA, Mukhanov VA, Perfiliev YD (2004) What
Oxidation State of Iron Determines the Amethyst Colour? Hyperfine
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- Schlesinger
M, Cohen AJ (2004) Postulated Structures Causing the Optical Color
Center Bands in Amethyst Quartz. Journal of Chemical Physics 44,
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- Nunes
EHM, Lameiras FS, Houmard M, Vasconcelos WL (2013) Spectroscopic study
of natural quartz samples. Radiation Physics and Chemistry 90, 79-86.
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R, Guo Y (2020) Study on the effect of heat treatment on amethyst color
and the cause of coloration. Scientific Reports 10, 14927.
- Monarumit N, Sakkaravej S, Wantanachaisaeng B, Saiyasombat C,
Wongkokua W (2021) Causes of color in purple- and yellow- quartz. Siam
Physics Congress, Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1719, 012001.
- Huang
H, Chen Q, Liu X, Li Y, Yin Z, Wu Y (2023) Charactteristics of the
Colour Zones and Inclusions in Unusual Multicoloured Quartz from
Brazil. The Journal of Gemmology 38, 784-794.
Blue
- Wood DL, Ballman AA (1966) Blue synthetic quartz. American Mineralogist 51, 216-220.
- Pinto LCB, Righi A (2011) Origin of the color in cobalt-doped quartz. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 38:623–629.
- Seifert
W, Rhede D, R. Forster THJ, Lucassen F, Dulski
P, Wirth R (2011) Distinctive properties of rock-forming blue
quartz: inferences from a multi-analytical study of submicron mineral inclusions. Mineralogical Magazine 75, 2519–2534.
Chalcedony
- Ignatov
SI, Platonov AN (1992) Effect of light scattering on the
optical-spectroscopic characteristics of and color parameters of
chalcedony. Mineralogicheskii Zhurnal 14, 23-29 (in Russian).
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Chrysoprase
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origin of color of chrysoprase and green opal (prasopal) from Glavica
nickel deposit, South Serbia. Bulletin - Academie Serbe des Sciences et
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- Nagase
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Western Australia. Neues Jahrbuch fuer Mineralogie, Monatshefte
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- Sachanbiski
M, Janeczek J, Platonov A, Rietmeijer FJM (2001) The orgin of colour of
chrysoprase from Szklary (Poland) and Sarykul Boldy (Kazakhstan). Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie - Abhandlungen 177, 61-76.
- Čermáková Z, Hradil D, Bezdička1
P, Hradilová J (2017) New data on “kerolite–pimelite” series and
the colouring agent of Szklary chrysoprase, Poland. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 44, 93–202.
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Y, Guo Y (2021) Genesis and influencing factors of the colour of
chrysoprase. Scientific Reports 11, 9939.
Citrine
- Samoilovich
MI, Tsinober LI, Kreiskop VN (1968) Nature of radiation
citrine-staining of quartz. Kristallografiya 13, 727-30. In Russian
- Samoilovich
MI, Tsinober LI, Dunin-Barkovskii RL, Lisitsyna EE, Khadzhi VE (1976)
On the third type of citrine color of natural quartz. Zapiski
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Russian
- Lehmann G (1977) Über die Färbeursachen natürlicher Citrine. Z. Deutsche Gemmologische Gesellschaft 26:53–60
- Maschmeyer
D, Niemann K, Hake H, Lehmann G, Rauber A (1980) Two modified smoky
quartz centers in natural citrine. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 6,
145-156.
- Aines RD, Rossman GR (1986) Relationships between radiation damage and
trace water in zircon, quartz, and topaz. Amer Mineral 71, 1186-1193.
- Balitsky
VS, Balitskay OV (1986) The amethyst-citrine dichromatism in quartz and
its origin. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 13:415-421.
- Monarumit N, Sakkaravej S, Wantanachaisaeng B, Saiyasombat C, Wongkokua
W (2021) Causes of color in purple- and yellow- quartz. Siam Physics
Congress, Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1719, 012001.
Opal
- Moon JS (2022) Colour Origin of Brown
Opal in Ethiopia. The Journal of the Gemmological Association of Hong
Kong 18, 58-63.
Pink- Maschmeyer D, Lehmann G
(1983) A trapped-hole center causing rose coloration of natural quart.
Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 163, 181-196.
- Balitsky
VS, Makhina IB, Prygov VI, Mar’in AA, Emel’chenko
AG, Fritsch E, McClure SF, Lu Taijing, DeGhionno D, Koivula
JI, Shigley JE (1998) Russian Synthetic Pink
Quartz. Gems & Gemology 34, 34–43.
- Cerin D, Götze
J, Pan Y (2017) Radiation-induced damage in quartz at the Arrow uranium
deposit, southwestern Athabasca Basin, Saskatchewan. Canadian
Mineralogist 55, 457–472.
Rose
- Wright PM, Weil JA, Buch T, Anderson JH (1963) Titanium colour center in rose quartz. Nature 197, 246-248.
- Lehmann G (1969) Zur Farbe von Rosenquarz. N Jb Mineral Mon 1969:222-225.
- Dennen WH, Puckett AM (1971) On the Chemistry and Color of Rose Quartz. the Mineralogical Record 226-227.
- Smith G, Vance ER, Hasan Z, Edgar A, Runciman WA (1978) A
charge transfer mechanism for the colour of rose quartz. Phys Status
Solidi (a) 46:K135-K140.
- Maschmeyer D, Lehmann G (1983) A trapped-hole center causing rose coloration of natural quartz. Zeit Kristallogr 163:181-196.
- Cohen AJ, Makar LN (1984) Differing effects of ionizing radiation in
massive and single crystal rose quartz. N Jb Mineral Mh 11:513-521.
- Cohen AJ, Makar LN (1985) Dynamic biaxial absorption spectra of Ti3+ and
Fe2+ in a natural rose quartz crystal. Mineral Mag 49:709-715.
- Ignatov SI, Platonov AN, Sedenko VS, Taran MN (1990) Rose color of
quartz caused by dumortierite microinclusions. Dopovidi Akademii Nauk
Ukrainskoi RSR Seriya B7:23-27 (in Ukranian)
- Goreva JS, Chi M, Rossman GR (2001) Fibrous nanoinclusions in
massive rose quartz. The origin of rose coloration. American
Mineralogist 86:466-472.
- Ma C, Goreva JS, Rossman GR (2002). Fibrous nanoinclusions in massive rose quartz: HRTEM and AEM investigations. American
Mineralogist 87, 269-276.
- Kibar
R, Garcia-Guinea J, Cetin A, Selvi S, Karal T, Can N (2007)
Luminescent, optical and color properties of natural rose quartz.
Radiation Measurements 42, 1610–1617.
- Barreto
SB, Buzzo PL, Souza Neto JA, Morais PAR, Carvalho AB, Khoury KJ (2009)
Spectroscopic study of rose quartz from the Taboa Pegmatite (Borborema
Province, Brazil) irradiated with high gamma doses. Estudos Geológicos
19 , 52-56.
- Guzzo
PL, Barreto SB, Miranda MR, et al. (2017) Gamma-rays and heat-treatment
conversions of point defects in massive rose quartz from the Borborema
Pegmatite Province, Northeast Brazil. Physics & Chemistry of
Minerals, 44: 701-715.
- Hu Z, Guo Y (2018) The Ecological Impact of Mining Rose Quartz with Needle-like Inclusions. Ekoloji 27, 1533-1541.
Smoky
- Vedeneeva NE (1940) Natural and artificial color of smoky quartz. Trav. lab. crist. acad. sci. U.R.S.S., No. 2, 87-106.
- Vedeneeva NE,
Chentsova LG (1947) Thermal discoloration of smoky quartz. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR 55, 437-40.
- Chentsova LG,
Vedeneeva
NE (1952) Nature of the color of smoky quartz investigated by thermal
bleaching. Trudy Instituta Kristallografii, Akademiya Nauk SSSR 7,
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- Vedeneeva NE,
Rudnitskaya ES (1952) Particularities of the spectrum of smoky quartz as an indication of the structure of its color centers. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR 87, 361-364.
- Cohen AJ (1954) Regularity of the F-center maxima in fused silica and α-quartz. Journal of Chemical Physics 22, 570.
- Cohen AJ (1955) Color centers in smoky quartz. Journal of Chemical Physics 23, 5E9-590.
- Cohen AJ (1956) Anisotropic Color Centers in a Quartz. Part 1. Smoky Quartz. Journal of Chemical Physics 25, 908-914.
- Arnold
GW (1960) Defects in natural and synthetic quartz. Journal of
Physics Chemical of Solids 13, 306-320.
- Partlow EP, Cohen AJ (1986) Optical studies of biaxial Al-related color centers in smoky quartz. Amer Mineral 71, 589-598.
- Cohen AJ, Makar LN (1982) Models for color centers in smoky quartz. Physica Status Solidi (a)73, 593-596.
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Samoilovich MI, Tsinober LI, Kreiskop VN (1970) Smoky color of
natural quartz-morion crystals. Kristallografiya 15,
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- Weeks RA (1970) Paramagnetic resonance and optical absorption in
gamma-ray irradiated alpha quartz: The "Al" center. J American Ceramic Society
53:176-179.
- Nassau K, Prescott BE (1975) A reinterpretation of smoky quartz. Phys Stat sol 29:659-663.
- Schirmer OF (1976) Smoky coloration of quartz caused by bound small polaron optical absorption. Solid State Commun 18:1349-1353.
- Nassau K, Prescott BE (1977) Smoky, blue, greenish yellow, and other
irradiation-related colors in quartz. Mineralogical Magazine 41, 301-312.
- Koumvakalis
N (1980) Defects in crystalline SiO2: Optical absorption of the
aluminum-associated hole center. Journal of Applied Physics
51, 5528-5531.
- Cohen AJ, Makar LN (1982) Models for color cener in smoky quarta. Physica Status Solidi (a) 77, 619-624.
- Weil JA. (1984) Review of Electron
Spin Spectroscopy and Its Application to the Study of Paramagnetic
Defects in Crystalline Quartz. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals
10, 149-165.
- Cohen
AJ, Panlow DP (1986) Optical studies of biaxial aluminum related color
centers in smoky quartz. American Mineralogist 71, 589-598..
- Halliburton LE (1989) ESR and Optical
Characterization of Point Defects in Quartz. Applied Radiation Isotopes
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- Itoh N, Stoneham D, Stoneham AM (2002)
Ionic and eletronic processes in quartz: Mechanisms of
thermoluminescence and optically stimulated luminescence. Journal of
Applied Physics 92, 5036-5044.
- Nuner EHM, Lameiras
FS (2005) The optical absorptino of gamma irradiated and heat-treated
natural quartz. Materials Research 9, 305-308.
- Fridrichová
J, Bacík P, Illášová L, et al. (2016) Raman and optical spectroscopic
investigation of gem-quality smoky quartz crystals. Vibrational
Spectroscopy, 85: 71-78.
Green
- Platonov AN, Sakhanbinski M, Ignatov SI, Vrublevskii P (1991) Natural prasiolite from the Lower Silesia (Poland). Doklady Akademii Nauk Ukrainskoi SSR 1991, 112-16. In Russian
- Platonov
AN, Sachanbinski M, Wroblewski P, Ignatov SI (1991) Rare varieties of
green quartz from quartz-agate geodes of Lower Silesia
(Poland). Mineralogicheskii Zhurnal, 13, 10-17. In: Russian.
- Platonov,
A.N., Sachanbinski, M., Wrobleski, P. and Ignatov, S.I. (1992) Natural
prasiolite from Lower Silesia, Poland, Zeitschrift der Deutschen
Gemmologischen Gesellschaft 41, p. 21–27.
- Hebert,
L.B. and Rossman, G.R. (2008) Greenish quartz from the Thunder Bay
Amethyst Mine Panorama, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada, Canadian
Mineralogist 46, 61–74.
- Henn
U, Schultz-Guttler R (2009) Colour-Enhanced Quartz and its
Identification: green, violet-blue and yellow-green quartz from Brazil.
Canadian Gemmologist 30, 46-54