Optical Spectra of Spinel, MgAl2O4
(gahnite below)
1930s
- Conrin F (1934): Spectre d'absorption de la viri
dine. Bulletin de la Société belge de géologie, de paléontologie et d'hydrologie
44, 313-315.
1950s
- Grum-Grzhimailo SV (1958) The color of idiochromatic
minerals. Zapiski
Vserossiiskogo Mineralogicheskogo Obshchestva 87, 129-50. (in
Russian)
1960s
- Slack GA, Ham FS, Chrenko RM (1966) Optical absorption
spectra of tetrahedral Fe2+ (3d6)
in cubic ZnS, CdTe and MgAl2O4.
Physical
Review 152, 376-402.
- Wood DL, Imbusch GF, MacFarlane RM, Kisliuk P, Larkin PM
(1968) Optical spectrum of Cr3+ in spinels. Journal of
Chemical Physics 48, 5255-5262.
- Ferguson J, Wood dL, van Uitert LG (1969) Crystal-field
spectra of d3,7 ions. V. Tetrahedral Co2+
in ZnAl2O4 spinel.
Journal of Chemical Physics 51, 2904-4909.
- Reed KS. Lau HF (1969) Optical Spectra of 3d Transition
Metal Ions in MgO·Al2O3 -
MgO·3.5Al2O3 Spinel.
Journal of The American Ceramic Society 52, 307-311.
- Sakurai T, Ishigame M, Arashi H (1969) Absorption spectrum
of Ni2+ ions in spinel. Journal of Chemical
Physics 50,
3241-3245.
1970s
- Boksha ON, Grum-Grzhimailo SV, Popova AA,
Sviridov DT, Smirnova EF
(1970) Optical spectra of spinels. Grum-Grzhimailo SV, editor.
Spektrosk
Krist, Mater. Simp. 2d , 302-308.
- Reed JS (1971) Optical absorption spectra of Cr3+
in MgO·Al2O3 - MgO·3.5Al2O3
spinels. Journal of The American Ceramic Society 54, 202-204.
- Boksha ON, Varina TM, Popova AA (1972) Optical-spectra of Cr and Mn in synthetic spinels MgO-Al2O3. Kristallografiya 27, 1063- (in Russian).
- Gaffney ES (1973) Spectra of tetrahedral Fe2+
in MgAl2O4. Physics
Review B8,
3484-3486.
- Sviridov DT, Sevastyanow BK, Orekhova VP, Sviridova RK,
Veremeichik TF (1973) Optical absorption spectra of excited Cr3+ ions
in magnesium spinel at room and liquid nitrogen temperatures. Opt Spect
35, 59-61.
- Mao HK, Bell PM (1974) Crystal-field effects in spinel:
oxidation states of iron and chromium. Carnegie Inst. Washington
Yearbook 73, 332-341
- Shankland TJ, Duba AG, Woronow A (1974) Pressure shifts of
optical absorption bands in iron-bearing garnet, spinel, olivine,
pyroxene and periclase. Journal of GeoPhysical Research 79,
3273-3282.
- Mao HK, Bell PM (1975) Crystal-field effects in spinel:
oxidation states of iron and chromium. Geochim Cosmochim Acta
39, 865-874
- Dickson BL, Smith G (1976) Low temperature optical
absorption and Mössbauer spectra of staurolite and spinel. Canadian
Mineralogist 14, 206-215.
- Mao HK (1976) Charge-transfer processes at high pressure.
In: The Physics and Chemistry of Minerals and Rocks. RGJ Strens, ed., J
Wiley, New York, p. 573-581
- Bukanov VV, Platonov AN, Taran MN (1977) Colour of gem
quality spinels from Kuhilal deposit. Zapiski Vsesoyuznogo
Mineralogicheskogo Obshchestva 5, 565-571 (in Russian).
- Yagi T, Mao HK (1977) Crystal-field spectra of the spinel
polymorph of Ni2SiO4 at
high pressure. Carnegie Institute of Washington Yearbook 17, 505-508
- Burns RG, Sung CM (1978) The effect of crystal field
stabilization on the olivine - spinel transition in the system Mg2SiO4
- Fe2SiO4. Physics and
Chemistry of
Minerals 2, 349-364
1980s
- Schmetzer K, Gübelin E (1980) Alexandrite-like spinel from
Sri Lanka. Neues Jahrbuch
für Mineralogie Mh 1980, 428-432.
- Schmetzer K (1982) Absorptionsspektroskopie und Farbe vokn V3+-haltigen
natūrlichen Oxiden und Silikaten - ein Beitrag zur Kristallchemie des
Vanadiuiims. N Jb Mineral Abhandlungen 144, 73-106.
- Shigley JE, Stockton CM (1984) Cobalt-blue gem spinels.
Gems & Gemology 20, 34-41.
- Harding RR, Wall F (1987) Blue spinel from the Hunza
valley, Pakistan. Journal of Gemmology 29, 403-405.
- Taran MN, Platonov AN, Pol'shin EV, Matsyuk SS (1987)
Optical
spectra and coloration of natural spinels of the (Mg,Zn,Fe)(Al,Fe)2O4
composition. Mineralogicheskiy Zhurnal 9, 3-15 (in Russian)
- Matsyuk, SS, Platonov AN,
Polshin EV, Taran MN, Tatarintsev VI, Badion NS, Vishnevski AA,
Safronov AF, Smirnov GI (1989) Spinels of Mantle Rocks. Pavliship VI, editor. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. Kiev: Science Dumka 1989. 212 pages.
- Schmetzer
K, Haxel C, Amthauer G (1989) Colour of natural spinels,
gahnospinels
and gahnites. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie. Abhandlungen 160,
159‒180.
- Taran MN, Bondar YuH, Matsyuk SS, Polshin EV (1989)
Spectroscopic investigations of olivine and chromite from the
Marjalachti meteorite. Mineralogicheskiy Zhurnal 11, 80-87
(in Russian)
1990s
- Taran MN, Matsuk SS, Bondar YV (1991) Optical spectra and
composition of olivine and spinel from the Marialakhti and Eagle
Station pallasites. Geochem International 28, 110-118; Translated from
Geokhimiya 4, 573-582.
- Czaja M, Mazurak Z (1993) Vibrational structure of
luminiscence spectrum of Cr3+ in MgAl2O4. Physics
and Chemistry of Minerals 20, 120-122.
- Taran MN, Langer K, Platonov AN, Indutny VV (1994) Optical
absorption investigation of Cr3+ ion-bearing
minerals in the temperature range 77-797 K. Physics and
Chemistry of Minerals 21, 360-372.
- Langer K, Taran MN, Platonov AN (1997) Compression modui of
Cr3+-centered octahedra in a variety of
oxygen-based rock-forming minerals. Physics and Chemistry of
Minerals 24, 109-114.
2000s
- Andreozzi GB. Hålenius U, Skogby H (2001) Spectroscopic
active IVFe3+-VIFe3+
clusters in spinel-magnesioferrite solid solution
crystals: a potential monitor for ordering in oxide
spinels. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 28, 435-444.
- Rossman GR, Taran MN (2001) Spectroscopic standards for
four-
and five-coordinated Fe2+ in oxygen-based
minerals. American
Mineralogist 86, 896-903
- Hålenius U, Skogby H, Andreozzi GB (2002) Influence of
cation distribution on the optical absorption spectra of Fe3+-bearing
spinel s.s.–hercynite crystals: evidence for electron transitions in VIFe2+–VIFe3+
clusters. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 29, 319-330.
- Skogby
H, Hålenius U (2003) An FTIR study of tetrahedrally
coordinated ferrous iron in the spinel-hercynite solid solution.
American Mineralogist 88, 489-492.
- Andreozzi GB, Baldi G, Bernardini GP, Benedetto GD,
Romanelli M (2004) 57Fe
Mössbauer and electronic spectroscopy study on a new synthetic
hercynite-based pigment. Journal of the European Ceramic Society 24,
821–824.
- Lenaz D, Skogby H, Princivalle F, Hålenius U (2004)
Structural changes and valence distribution in the MgCr2O4-FeCr2O4
solid solution series. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 31,
633-642.
- Ikeda K, Nakamura Y, Masumoto K, Shima H (2005) Optical
Spectra of Synthetic Spinels in the System MgAl2O4–MgCr2O4. Journal
of the American Ceramic Society 80, 2672-2676.
- Reddy BJ, Frost RL (2005) Spectroscopic characterization of
chromite
from the Moa-Baracoa Ophiolitic Massif, Cuba. Spectrochimica
Acta Part A 61, 1721–1728.
- Taran MN, Koch-Mūller M, Langer K (2005) Electronic
absorption spectroscopy of natural (Fe2+, Fe3+)-bearing
spinels of spinel s.s.-hercynite and gahnite-hercynite solid solutions
at different temperatures and high-pressures. Physics and Chemistry of
Minerals 32, 175-188.
- Jouini A, Sato H,
Yoshikawa A, Fukuda T, Boulon G, Kato K, Hanamura E (2006) Crystal
growth and optical absorption of pure and Ti, Mn-doped MgAl2Os
spinel. Journal of Crystal Growth 287, 313-317.
- Lenaz D, Skogby H, Princivalle F, Hålenius U (2006) The MgCr2O4-FeCr2O4
solid solution series: Effects of octahedral Fe3+
on T-O bond lengths. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 33, 465-474.
- Bosi F, Hålenius U, Andreozzi, GB, Skogby H, Lucchesi S
(2007)
Structural refinement of Mn-doped spinel: a case for tetrahedrally
coordinated Mn3+ in an oxygen-based structure.
American Mineralogist 92, 27-33.
- Hålenius U, Bosi F, Skogby H (2007) Galaxite, MnAl2O4,
a spectroscopic standard for tetrahedrally coordinated Mn2+
in oxygen-based mineral structures. American Mineralogist 92,
1225-1231.
- García-Lastra JM, Barriuso MT, Aramburu JA, Moreno M (2008)
Microscopic origin of the different colors displayed by MgAl2O4:Cr3+
and emerald. Physical Review B 78, 085117.
- Taran MN, Koch-Müller M, Feenstra A (2009) Optical
spectroscopic study of tetrahedrally coordinated Co2+
in natural spinel
and staurolite at different temperatures and pressures. American
Mineralogist 94, 1647-1652.
2010s
- Hålenius U, Andreozzi, GB, Skogby H (2010) Structural
relaxation around Cr3+ and the red-green color
change in the spinel (sensu stricto)-magnesiochromite (MgAl2O4-MgCr2O4)
and gahnite-zincochromite (ZnAl2O4-ZnCr2O2)
solid-solution series. American Mineralogist 95, 456–462.
- Malsy A, Klemm L (2010) Distinction of Gem Spinels from the
Himalayan Mountain Belt. Chimia 64 (2010) 741–746
- Bosi F, Hålenius U, D'Ippolito
V, Andreozzi GB (2012) Blue spinel crystals in the MgAl2O4-CoAl2O4
series: Part II. Cation ordering over short-range and long-range
scales. American Mineralogist 97, 1834–1840.
- Malasy AK, Karampelas S, Schwarz D, Klemm L, Armbruster T,
Taun DA (2012) Orangey-red to orangey-pink gem spinels from a new
deposit at Lang Chap (Tan Huong-Truc Lau), Vietnam. Journal of
Gemmology 37, 19-27.
- Fregola
RA, Skogby H, Bosi F, D’Ippolito V, Andreozzi GB, Hålenius
U (2014) Optical absorption spectroscopy study of the causes for color
variations in natural Fe−bearing gahnite: Insights from iron valency
and site
distribution data. American Mineralogist, 99, 2187−2195.
- Taran
MN, Parisi F, Lenaz D, Vishnevskyy AA (2014) Synthetic and natural
chromium-bearing spinels: an optical spectroscopy study. Physics and
Chemistry of Minerals 41, 593-602.
- D’Ippolito
V, Andreozzi GB, Hålenius U, Skogby H, Hametner K, Günther D (2015)
Color mechanisms in spinel: cobalt and iron interplay for the blue
color. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 42, 431–439.
- Verger
L, Darguad O, Rousse G, Rozsalyi E, Juhin A, Cabaret D, Cotte M,
Glatzel P, Cormier L (2016) Spectroscopic properties of Cr3+
in the spinel solid solution ZnAl2−xCrxO4. Physics
and
Chemistry of Minerals 43, 33-42.
- Promwongnan
S, Ounorn P, Maneekrajangsaeng M, Leelawatanasuk T (2017) An unusual
blue synthetic star spinel. The Journal of Gemmology 35, 500-502.
- Palke AC, Sun Z (2018). What Is Cobalt Spinel? Unraveling the Causes of Color in Blue Spinels. Gems & Gemology 54, 262.
- Andreozzi
GB, D'Ippolito V, Skogby H, Hålenius U, Bosi F (2019) Color
mechanisms in spinel: a multi-analytical investigation of natural
crystals with a wide range of coloration. Physics and Chemistry of
Minerals 46, 343–360.
- Zoyza G, Lomthong P, Schwarz D, Yanyu C, Kleismantas A
(2019) Spinels From Sri Lanka. 36th International Gemmological Conference IGC,
August 2019, Nantes, France, p67-70.
2020s
- Buathong A, Narudessombat N (2020) A Rare Bicoloured
Spinel. The Journal of Gemmology 37, 250-251.
- Chankhantha C, Amphon R, Rehman HU, Shen AH (2020)
Characterisationof
Pnk-to-Red Spinel from Four Important Localities. The Journal of
Gemmology 37, 393-403.
- Kruzslicz
ÁB, Nasdala L, Wildner M, Škoda R, Redhammer GJ, Hauzenberger C,
Wantanachaisaeng B (2020) Black spinel - a gem material from Bo Ploi,
Thailand. The Journal of Gemmology 37, 66-79.
- Belley PM, Palke AC (2021) Purple gem spinel from Vietnam
and
Afghanistan: Comparison of trace element chemistry, cause of color, and
inclusions. Gems & Gemology 57, 228-238.
- Soonthorntantkiul
W, Weeramongkhonlert V, Palke A (2021) Spectroscopic characteristics of
low-temperature heated blue to violet spinel. Gems & Gemology
57, 288-290..
- Williams C, Williams B, Laurs BM (2021) Grey
Spinel from Ocua, Mozambique. The Journal of Gemmology 37, 772-774.
- Chankhantha
C, Kitkhunthod P, Amphon R, Rehman HU, Shen AH (2022) Spectroscopic
Characteristics and Causes of Colour Modification in Heat-Treated
Pink-to-Red Spinel from Luc Yen, Vietnam.The Journal of Gemmology 38,
348-362
- Liu
Y, Qi L, Schwarz D, Zhou Z (2022) Color mechanism and Spectroscopic
Thermal Variation of Pink Spinel Reportedly from Kuh-I-Lai, Tajikistan.
Gems & Gemology 58, 338-353.
- Pluthametwisute
T, Wanthanachaisaeng B, Saiyasombat C, Sutthirat C (2022) Minor
Elements and Color Causing Role in Spinel: Multi-analytical Approaches.
Minerals 2022, 12, 928. https://doi.org/10.3390/min12080928
- Schwarz
D, Liu Y, Zhou Z, Lomthong P, Rozet T (2022) Spinel from the Pamir
Mountains in Tajikistan. The Journal of Gemmology 38, 138-154.
- Sun X, Gao Y, Zhao H (2022) Interesting Inclusions in a
Purple Spinel from Tanzania. The Jourmal of Gemmology 38, 315-316.
- Wang ZM, Mao XT, Yin ZW, Chen C, Cheng TJ (2022) Study on the Spectral Characteristics and the Color-Change Effect of Spinel. Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis 42, p3541.
- Williams C, Williams B (2022) Violet Spinel with Stong
Green Fluorescence. The Jourmal of Gemmology 38, 219-221.
- Zhao
L, Li G, Weng L (2022) Gemological snd Spectroscopic Characteristics of
"Jedi" Spinel from Man Sin, Myanmar. Minerals 12, 1359.
- Jollands M, Ludlam A, Palke A, Vertriest W, Jin S, Cevallos
P, Arden S, Myagkaya E, D'Haenens-Johannson U, Weeramongkhonlert V, Sun
Z (2023) Color Modification of Spinel by Nickel (Ni) Diffusion: A New
Treatment in the Gem Market. Gems & Gemology
https://www.gia.edu/gia-news-research/nickel-diffused-spinel
- Krzemnicki, MS, Leuenberger A, Balmer W (2023) Cobalt-bearing
Blue Spinel from Lukande, near Mahenge, Tanzania. The Journal of
Gemmology 38, 474-493.
- Wu J, Sun X, Ma H, Ning P, Tang N, Ding T, Li H, Zhang T, Na Y (2023)
Purple-violet gem spinel from Tanzania and Myanmar: Inclusion,
spectroscopy, chemistry, and color. Minerals 13, 226. https://doi.org/10.3390/min13020226.
- Wu J, Ma H, Li H (2023) Forsterite in a purple Tanzanian spinel. Gems & Gemology 59, 150-153.
- Bellley PM, Schollenbruch K, Groat LA, Wilson BS (2024) Cobalt-Blue Spinel from Baffin Island, Canada: Comparison to Other Mg-Al Spinels and a Chemical Discrimination Approach for the Colouration of Spinel. The Journal of Gemmology 39, 220-240.
- Xu Q, Xu B, Gao Y, Li S (2024) Characterization of
Red, Pink, Orange, and Purple Gem-Quality Spinel from Four Important
Areas. Crystals 2024, 14, 50;
https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14010050
Optical Spectra of Gahnite, ZnAl2O4
1980s
- Schmetzer K, Haxel C, Amthauer G (1989) Color of natural
spinels, gahnospinels and gahnites. N Jb Mineral Abh 160,
159-180
1990s
- Taran MN, Koch-Mūller M, Langer K (2005) Electronic
absorption spectroscopy of natural (Fe2+, Fe3+)-bearing
spinels of spinel s.s.-hercynite and gahnite-hercynite solid solutions
at different temperatures and high-pressures. Physics and Chemistry of
Minerals 32, 175-188.
2000's
-
Lorenzi G, Baldi G, Di Benedetto F, Faso V, Lattanzi P, Romanelli M (2006) Spectroscopic
study of a Ni-bearing gahnite pigment. Journal of the European Ceramic Society 26. 317–321.
2010s
- Hålenius U, Andreozzi, GB, Skogby H (2010) Structural
relaxation around Cr3+ and the red-green color
change in the spinel (sensu stricto)-magnesiochromite (MgAl2O4-MgCr2O4)
and gahnite-zincochromite (ZnAl2O4-ZnCr2O2)
solid-solution series. American Mineralogist 95, 456–462.
- Fregola
RA, Skogby H, Bosi F, D'Ippolito V, Andreozzi GB, Hålenius U (2014)
Optical absorption spectroscopy study of the causes for color
variations in natural Fe-bearing gahnite: Insights from iron valency
and site distribution data. American Mineralogist 99, 2187–2195.
2020s
- Stephan T, Henn U, Müller S (2022) On the Colour Mechanism
of Blue Gahnite from Nigeria. The Journal of Gemmology 38, 183-193.
- Pluthametwisute T, Wanthanachaisaeng B, Saiyasombat C, Sutthirat
C (2022) Minor Elements and Color Causing Role in Spinel:
Multi-Analytical Approaches. Minerals 12, 928.
https://doi.org/10.3390/min12080928
- Jaisanit N (2023) A "Cobalt Blue" Gahnospinel. Gems
& Gemology 58, 476-477,