Optical Spectra of Tourmaline
1934
- Vedeneeva N,
Grum-Grzhimailo SV (1936) Spectro-pleochroism, meter and investigation
of mineral dichroism. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya A 3, 383-5.
(in Russian)
1948
- Grum-Grzhimailo SV (1948) Rose colour of tourmaline. Dokl
Akad Nauk SSSR 60, 1377-1380 (in Russian).
1950s
- Bradley JES, Bradley O (1953) Observations on the colouring
of pink and green zoned tourmaline. Mineralogial Magazine 30, 26-38.
- Valyashko
EG, Grum-Grzhimailo SV (1953) The color of corundum and methods for its
investigation. Trudy Instituta Kristallografii, Akademiya Nauk SSSR
(1953), No. 8, 111-28. (in Russian)
- Grum-Grzhimailo SV (1956) The color of
tourmalines; their examination in polarized ultraviolet light. Trudy
Instituta Kristallografii, Akademiya Nauk SSSR (1956), (No. 12), 79-84.
In Russian
- Vishnevskii VN, Klimovskaya LK (1958) A simple method for
studying absorption spectra of microcrystals Ukrains'kii Fizichnii
Zhurnal (Ukrainian Edition) (1958), 3, 239-244.
- Grum-Grzhimailo
SV (1958) The color of idiochromatic minerals. Zapiski Vserossiiskogo
Mineralogicheskogo Obshchestva 87, 129-50. (in Russian)
1960s
- Voskresenskaya IE, Grum-Grzhimailo SV (1967) Color of
synthetic iron tourmalines. Kristallografiya 12, 363-5. In
Russian
- Bershov LV, Martirosiyan VO, Marfunin AS, Platonov
AN, Tarashchan AN (1968) Color centers in lithium tourmaline
(elbaite). Crystallography, 13, 730-732. In Russian
- Manning PG (1968): An optical absorption study of the
origin
of colour and pleochroism in pink and brown tourmalines. Canadian
Mineralogist 9, 678-690.
- Faye GH, Manning PB, Nickel EH (1968) The polarized optical
absorption spectra of tourmaline, cordierite, chloritoid and vivianite:
ferrous-ferric electronic interaction as a source of pleochroism.
American Mineralogist 53, 1174-1201.
- Robbins
DW, Strens RGJ (1968) Polarization-dependence and Oscillator
Strengths of Metal-Metal Charge-transfer Bands in Iron(II,III) Silicate
minerals. Chemical Communications (London), 1968, 508-509.
- Bershov LV, Martirosyan VO, Marfunin AD, Platnov
AN, Tarashchan AN (1969) Color centers in lithium tourmaline (elbaite).
Soviet Physics-Crystallography 13, 629-630.
- Manning PG (1969) Optical absorption spectra of
chromium-bearing tourmaline, black tourmaline and buergerite. Canadian
Mineralogist 10, 57-70.
- Wilkins RWT, Farrell EF, Naiman CS (1969) The crystal field
spectra and dichroism of tourmaline. Journal of Physics and Chemistry
of Solids 30:43–56.
1970s
- Marfunin AC, Mkrtchyan AR, Nadzharyan GN, Nyussik YM,
Platonov AN (1970) Optical and Mossbauer spectra of iron in
tourmalines. Izv. Akad, Nauk SSSR, Ser. Geol. 2, 146-150.
- Townsend MG (1970) On the dichroism of tourmaline.
Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 31, 481–2488.
- Triche C, Leckebush R, Recker K (1973)
Quantitative Nachweise von Ti, V, Cr, Mn und Fe in Turmalinen
mittels Spektrochemische Methoden. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie - Monatshefte
1973, 63-69.
- Manning PG (1973) Effect of second-nearest-neighbour
interaction on Mn3+ absorption in pink and black
tourmalines. Canadian
Mineralogist 11, 971-977.
- Faye GH, Manning PG, Gosselin JR, Tremblay RJ (1974) The
optical
absorption spectra of tourmaline: importance of charge-transfer
processes. Canadian
Mineralogist 12, 370–380.
- Bakhtin AL, Minko OE, Vinokurov WM (1975) Isomorphism and
color of tourmalines. Izv Akad Nauk SSSR, Ser. Geol 1975, 73-83 (in
Russian).
- Nassau K (1975) Gamma ray irradiation induced changes inthe
oclor of tourmalines. American Mineralogist 60, 710-713.
- Platonov AN (1976) Nature of the colour of minerals.
Naukova Dumka, Kiev (in Russian)
- Smith G, Strens RGJ (1976) Intervalence-transfer absorption
in some silicate, oxide and phosphate minerals. In: Strens RGJ (ed) The
physics and chemistry of minerals and rocks, Wiley, New York, pp 538-612.
- Smith G (1977) Low-temperature optical studies of
metal-metal charge-transfer transitions in various minerals. Canadian
Mineralogist 15, 500-507.
- Smith G (1978) Evidence for absorption by exchange-coupled
Fe2+-Fe3+ pairs in the near infra-red spectra of minerals. Phys Chem Minerals 3, 375-383.
- Smith G (1978) A reassessment of the role of iron in the
5000–30000 cm-1
region of the electronic absorption spectra of tourmaline. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals
3, 343–373
1980s
- Schmetzer K (1982) Absorptionsspektroskopie und Farbe von V3+-haltigen
natürlichen Oxiden und Silikaten - ein Beitrag zur Kirstallchemie des
Vanadiums. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie - Abhandlungen 144, 73-106.
- Mattson SM, Rossman GR (1984) Ferric iron in tourmaline.
Physics and Chemistry of Minerals
11, 225–234.
- Platonov AN, Taran MN, Balitsky VS (1984) Nature of gems colour. Nedra, Moscow (in Russian)
- Schemtzer K, Bank H (1984) Crystal chemistry of tsilaisite
(manganese tourmaline) from Zambia. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie Mh 1984, 61-69.
- Bakhtin AI (1985) Rock-forming silicates, their optical
spectra, regularity of colour and typomorphism. Kasan University Press,
Kasan (in Russian).
- Henn U, Schramm M (1986) Some observations on brown tourmalines from Elahera, Sri Lanka. Journal of Gemmology 20, 154-.156.
- Mattson SM, Rossman GR (1986) Yellow, manganese-rich
elbaite
with manganese-titanium intervalence charge transfer. American Mineralogist
71, 599-602.
- Shigley JE, Kane RE, Manson DV (1986) A notable Mn-rich gem
elbaite tourmaline and its relationship to tsilaisite. American
Mineralogist 71, 1214-1216.
- Mattson SM, Rossman GR (1987) Fe2+-Fe3+
interactions in tourmaline. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 14:163–171.
- Reddy L, Jacob AS, Reddy BJ (1987) Optical absorption
spectrum of Ti3+ and Fe2+
in uvite. Indian Gemmologist 1987, 19-21.
- De Camargo MB, Isotani S (1988) Optical absorption
spectroscopy of natural
and irradiated pink tourmaline. Am erican Mineralogist 73,172–180.
- Camargo
MB, Isotani S (1988) Optical absorption spectroscopy of natural and
irradiated pink tourmaline. American Mineralogist 73, 172–180.
- Reinitz MI, Rossman GR (1988) Role of natural
radiation in tourmaline
coloration. American Mineralogist 73, 822–825.
- Skrinnik-Uralets
VA (1989) About chromium containing tourmaline of changing colour. Zap
Vsesojuz Mineral Obsch 5:134–135 (in Russian).
1990s
- Bank H, Henn U, Bank FH, von Platen H, Hofmeister W (1990)
Leuchtendblau Cu-fūhrende Turmaline aus Paraiba, Brasilien. Z Dt Gemmol
Ges 39, 3-11.
- Frisch E, Shingley JE, Rossman GR, Mercer ME, Muhlmeister
SM, Moon M
(1990) Gem-quality cuprian-elbaite tourmalines from Sao Jose da
Batalha, Paraiba, Brazil. Gems and Gemmol 26:189–205.
- Henn U, Bank H, Bank FH, von Platen H, Hofmeister W (1990)
Transparent bright blue Cu-bearing tourmalines from Paraiba, Brazil.
Mineralogical Magazine 54, 553-557.
- Petrov I (1990) Role of natural radiation in tourmaline
coloration: Discussion. American Mineralogist 75, 237-239.
- Taran MN, Lebedev AS, Platonov AN (1990) Optical
spectroscopy of
synthetic ferriferous tourmalines. Izv Acad Nauk SSSR, Inorganic
materials 26, 1025–1030.
- Rossman GR, Fritsch E, Shigley JE (1991) Origin of color in
cuprian elbaite from Sao Jos‚ de Batalha, Paraíba, Brazil. Amer Mineral
76, 1479-1484.
- Henn
U, Bank H (1991) Unusually dark red tourmaline of the dravite-schorl
series. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie - Monatshefte 1991, 408-412.
- Konovalenko SI, Vakhtin AI, Lopatin ON (1991) The colour
nature of coloured and polychromic tourmalines from the miarolic
pegmatites in the southwestern Pamir (in Russian). Mineralogichesky
Zhurnal 13,54-62.
- Taran MN, Lebedev AS, Platonov AN (1990) Optical spectroscopy of
synthetic ferriferous tourmalines. Izv Acad Nauk SSSR, Inorganic
materials 26, 1025–1030.
- Taran MN, Lebedev AS, Platonov AN (1993) Optical Absorption
spectroscopy of synthetic tourmalines. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals
20, 209-220.
- Mashkovtsev RI (1995) Optical absorption in synthetic
tourmalines containing Mn, Fe, Ni, and Cu. Geologiya i
Geofizika 36, 122-6. in
Russian.
-
Taran MN, Langer K, Platonov AN (1996)
Pressure-and temperature-effects on exchange-coupled-pair
bands in electronic spectra of some oxygen-based
iron-bearing minerals. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 23,
230-236.
- Taran MN, Langer K (1998) Temperature and pressure dependence of
intervalence charge transfer bands in spectra of some Fe- and
Fe,Ti-bearing oxhygen-based minerals. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie -
Abhandlungen 172, 325-346.
2000s
-
Velickov B, Abs-Wurmbach I, Kahlenberg V (2001) Fe2+ and Fe3+ in synthetic tourmalines: site occupancies and interactions. Bull. Liaison S.F.M.C.13.
- Taran
MN, Rossman GR (2002) High-temperature, high-pressure optical
spectroscopic study of ferric-iron-bearing tourmaline. American
Mineralogist 87, 1148-1153.
- Ertl
A, Hughes JM, Prowatke S, Rossman GR, London D, Fritz EA (2003) Mn-rich
tourmaline from Austria: Structure, chemistry, optical spectra, and
relations to synthetic solid solutions. American
Mineralogist 88, 1369-1376.
- Krambrock K, Pinheiro MVB, Guedes KJ, Medeiros SM, Schweizer S,
Spaeth JM (2004) Correlation of irradiation-induced yellow color with
the O- hole center in tourmaline. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 31,
168-175.
- Castaneda C, Eeckhout SG, da Costa
GM, Botelho NF, de Grave E (2006) Effect of heat treatment on
tourmaline from Brazil. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 33, 207-216.
- Liu
Y, Fry BA (2006) A colorimetric study of a tourmaline from Mozambique
which shows a reverse alexandrite effect. Journal of Gemmology 30,
201-206.
- Mashkovtsev RI, Smirnov SZ, Shigley JE (2006) The
features of the Cu2+ entry into the structure of tourmaline. Journal of
Structural Chemistry 47, 252-257.
- da
Fonseca-Zang WA, Zang JW, Hofmeister W (2008) The Ti-influence on the
tourmaine color. Journal Brazilian Chemistry Society 19, 1186-1192.
- Laurs
BM, Zwaan JC, Breeding CM, Simmons WB, Beaton
D, Rijsdijk KF, Befi R, Falster AU (2008)
Copper-bearing (Paraíba-type) tourmaline from Mozambique. Gems
& Gemology 44, 294-320.
- Zhang
A, Wang R, Li Y, Hu H, Lu X, Ji J, Zhang H (2008) Tourmalines from the
Koktokay No.3 pegmatite, Altai, NWChina: spectroscopic characterization
and relationships with the pegmatite evolution. European Journal of Mineralogy 20, 142-154.
- Carneiro GA, Fuchs Y, Rossano S, Horn HA, Linares J
(2009) Study of the causes of color in four selected crystals of tourmaline
from the pegmatite of Matinha in Divino das Laranjeiras, MG. Estudos Geológicos
19, 83-88.
- Fan J, Feng X, Guo S, Liu X (2009) Optical absorption spectra of
tourmaline crystals. Guisuanyan Xuebao (Journal of the Chinese
Ceramic Society) 37, 523-530. (in Chinese)
- Krambrock
K, Guedes KJ, Pinheiro MVB, Xavier RC, Ravares MC, Guimaraes GM, Fantini C, Pimenta
MA, Filho LADM (2009) Characterization of colored tourmalines of uvite /
dravite series from Arumado district, Bahia, Brazil. Estudos Geológicos 19,
145-149.
- Merkel PB, Breeding CM (2009) Spectral diffenentiation between
copper and iron colorants in gem tourmalines. Gems & Gemology 45,
112-119.
2010s
- Liu X, Feng X, Fan
J, Guo S (2011). Optical absorption spectra of tourmaline crystals
from Altay, China. China Optics Letters 9, 083001.
- Ahn
Y, Seo J, Park J (2013) Electronic and vibrational spectra of
tourmaline – The impact of electron beam irradiation and heat
treatment. Vibrational Spectroscopy 65, 165-175.
- Henn U, Schmitz F (2014) Green and Pink Tourmaline from Rwanda. The Journal of Gemmology 34, 344-349.
- Reznitskii L, Clark CM, Hawthorne FC, Grice JD, Skogby H, Halenius U, Bosi F (2014) Chromo-alumino-povondraite, NaCr3(Al4Mg2)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O, a new mineral species of the tourmaline supergroup. American Mineralogist 99, 1767-1773.
- Bačík
P, Fridrichová J, Štubňa J, Antal P (2015) Application
of spectroscopic methods in mineralogical and gemmological research of
gem tourmalines. Acta geologica Slovaca 7, 1-9.
- Bosi F,
Andreozzi GB, Halenius U, Skogby H (2015) Experimental evidence for
partial Fe2+ disorder at the Y and Z sites of tourmaline: a
combined EMP, SREF, MS, IR and OAS study of schorl. Mineralogical
Magazine 79, 515–528,
- Sun L, Yang M, Wu G (2015) Gemmologiical
and spectoscopic characteristics of chrome tourmailne appeared on the
market recently. Journal of Gems and Gemmology 17, 31-37 (in Chinese).
- Taran
MN, Dyar MD, Naumenko IV, Vyshnevsky OA (2015) Spectroscopy of red
dravite from northern Tanzania. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals
42, 559–568.
- Kaewtip M, Limtrakun P (2016)
Gemological and Chemical Characteristics of Green Tourmaline from
Madagascar, Mozambique, and Tanzania. Walailak Journal of Science
& Techology 13, 985-992.
- Maneewong A, Pangza K, Jangsawang
N, Charoennam T (2016) Effect of Heat Treatment and Electron Beam
Irradiation Tourmaline: UV-Visible, EPR, and Mid-IR Spectroscopic
Analyses.Walailak Journal of Science & Techology 13, 993-1003.
- Maneewong
A, Seong BS, Shin J, Kim JS, Kajornrith V (2016) Color Change of
Tourmaline by Heat Treatment and Electron Beam Irradiation: UV-Visible,
EPR, and Mid-IR Spectroscopic Analyses. Journal of the Korean Physical
Society 68, 83-92.
- Maneewong
A, Seong BS, Shin J, Kim JS, Kajornrith V (2016)
Neutron-diffraction Studies of the Crystal Structure and the Color
Enhancement in γ-irradiated Tourmaline. Journal of the Korean
Physical Society 68, 329-339.
- Rossman GR, Ma C, Laulrs BM (2016) Yellow dravite from Tanzania. The Journal of Gemmology 35, 190-192.
- Taran
MN, Naumenko IV (2016) Usambara effect in tourmaline: optical
spectroscopy and colourimetric studies. Mineralogical
Magazine, 80, 705-717.
- Rossman GR (2017) Coloration of green dravite from the Commander Mine, Tanzania. The Journal of Gemmology
35, 574-575.
- Bunnag N, Sripoonjan T (2019) Gamma Irradiation on Rubellite Tourmaline. Chiang Mai Journal of Science 46, 1249-1255.
- Liao
Q-j, Huang W-z, Zhang Q, Pei J-c (2019) Gemological and Spectral
Characterization of Brownish Yellow Tourmaline from Mozambique.
Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis 39: 3844 (in Chinese)
- Phichaikamjornwut
B, Pongkrapan S, Intarasiri S, Bootkul D
(2019) Conclusive comparison of gamma irradiation and heat
treatment for color enhancement of Rubellite from Mozambique. Vibrational Spectroscopy 103, 102926.
- Schwarzinger
C, Wildner M, Ulatowski S, Sawyer M (2019) Vanadium-bearing tourmaline
from the Commander Mine, Nadonjukin, Tanzania. The Journal of Gemmology
36, 534-543.
2020s
- Bruce-Lockhart
S, Vertriest W (2020) Portrait of a Paraiba rough: Challenging
gems in hard times. Gems & Gemology 56, 308-309.
- Kurtz
DA, Rossman GR, Hunter BM (2020) The nature of the Mn(III) color
centers in elbaite tourmaines. Inorganic Chemistry 59, 9618-9626.
- Schwarzinger
C, Wildner M, Ulatowski S, Sawyer M (2020) Vanadium-bearing Tourmaline
from the Commander Mine, Nadonjukin, Tanzania. The Journal of Gemmology
36, 534–543.
- Suwanmanee
W, Wanthanachaisaeng B, Utapong T, Sutthirat C (2021) Colour
Enhancement of Pink Tourmaline from Nigeria by Electron-Beam and Gamma
Irradiation. The Journal of Gemmology 37, 514-526.
- Nasdala
L, Wildner M, Giester G, Chanmung CN, Scicchitano MR, Hauzenberger C
(2021) Blue Dravite ('Indicolite') from the Elahera Gem Field, Sri
Lanka. The Journal of Gemmology
37,618-630.
- Yue SW, Yan XX, Lin JQ, Wang PL, Liu JF (2021) Spectroscopic
Characteristics and Coloring Mechanism of Brown Tourmaline Under
Heating Treatment. Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis 41: 2524.
- Bosi
F, Biagioni C, Pezzotta F, Skogby H, Hålenius U, Cempirek J, Hawthorne
FC, Lussier AJ, Abdu YA, Day MC, Fayek M, Clark CM, Grice JD, Henry DJ
(2022) Uvite, CaMg3(Al5Mg)Si6O18(BO3)3(OH)3OH.
a new, but long-anticipated mineral species of the tourmaline
supergroup from San Piero in Campo, Elba Island, Italy. Mineralogical
Magazine 86, 767-776. doi: 10.1180/mgm.2022.54
- Bosi
F, Skogby H, Halenius U, Ciriotti ME, Mills SJ (2022) Lowering R3m
Symmetry in Mg-Fe-Tourmalines: The Crystal Structures of Triclinic
Schorl and Oxy-Dravite, and the Mineral luinaite-(OH) Discredited. Minerals 12, 430.
- Cámara
F, Bosi F, Skogby H, Hålenius U, Celata B, Ciriotti ME (2022) Schorl-1A
from Langesundsfjord (Norway). Journal of Geosciences 67, 129-139. DOI:
http://doi.org/10.3190/jgeosci.344
- Krzemnicki RMS, Wang HAO (2022) Paraiba or not? Cu-bearing Tourmaline with a Distinct Fe Concentration. The Journal of Gemmology
38, 20-22.
- Li
M (2022) Spectroscopic Characteristics and Color Origin of Red
Tourmaline from Brazil. Journal of Spectroscopy 2022, 1769710.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1769710
- Mauro D, Biagioni C, Hålenius U, Skogby H, Dottorini V, Bosi F (2022) Nickel- and Fe3+-rich
oxy-dravite from the Artana Mn prospect, Apuan Alps (Tuscany, Italy).
Journal of Geosciences 67, 141-150. DOI:
http://doi.org/10.3190/jgeosci.346
- Altieri A, Luppi R, Skobby H, Hålenius U, Tempesta G, Pezzotta F,
Bosi F (2023) Thermal treatment of the tourmaline Fe‑rich princivalleite
Na(Mn2Al)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 50:27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00269-023-01250-9
- Li M, Hong HL (2023) Gemological and Spectrographic
Characteristics of Light-Green Tourmaline of Afghanistan. Spectroscopy
and Spectral Analysis 43, 2195-2201. (in Chinese)
- Notari
F, Blumentritt F, Srinaka Y, Saenkuntha N (2023) Une Remarquable
Tourmaline Elbaïte non Cuprifère. Gemmes, 42-45.
https://tinyurl.com/bdeswbz6 (in French)
- Altieri A, Pezzotta F,
Skogby H, Hålenius U, Bosi F (2024) Tourmaline as a petrogenetic
indicator highlighted in a multicoloured crystal from the gem deposit
of Mavuco, Alto Ligoña pegmatite district, NE Mozambique. Mineralogical
Magazine. https://doi.org/10.1180/mgm.2024.42
- Chen Y, Xu D, Zhou Z, schwarz D, Zheng J, Zhang L (2024) Chemical
Composition and Spectral Variation in Gem-Quality Blue Iron-Bearing
Tourmaline from Brazil. Crystals 14, 877.
https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14100877